Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as the Ultimate Hero :: Epic Beowulf herobeo

Beowulf as the Ultimate Hero    In the sonnet Beowulf, interpreted by Constance B. Hieatt, Beowulf is a legend. A saint is one who places oneself at extraordinary hazard while performing demonstrations of mental fortitude. In addition to the fact that beowulf is a saint due to his physical quality, but instead than luxuriating in the subsequent magnificence, he gives the greatness to God.  Beowulf is a definitive saint who put his life on the line for a whole realm.         Beowulf's chivalry can be seen when he takes 14 of the most intrepid in his property to go help Hrothgar.  Hrothgar was Beowulf's dad's dear companion who had been tormented by assaults for a long time that compromised a whole kingdom.  Beowulf didn't bring to the table Hrothgar's realm help, however does so in light of the fact that he needs to utilizes his undeniable solidarity to the best of his ability.  As soon as Beowulf knew about the difficulties in this land he set sail immediately.  Beowulf keeps on demonstrating his appreciation by expressing gratitude toward God for giving them safe travel over the sea.  Beowulf is lead to Hrothgar furthermore, offers him is administrations.   - Now plunk down to the gala, and, in due time, tune in to lays of warriors' triumphs, as your heart may provoke you. (15)   Beowulf is solicited by the warriors to tell from his past thrashings while eating in Hrothgar's palace.  Beowulf is as of now a saint to the individuals of this land for he is going to free them of their enemy.  The warriors are on edge to here what he has done and what he intends to do to Grendel.  Here Beowulf puts on his running shoes and goes through his fight plan intellectually just as any incredible competitor would do before a major meet.  As the Banquet proceeds, Hrothgar expresses gratitude toward Beowulf, and guarantees him extraordinary fortune in the event that he prevails in overcoming Grendel.         As an extreme legend, Beowulf chooses, to be far, he won't use weapons in his fight against Grendel since Grendel supposedly doesn't utilize them.         I don't view myself as a lesser warrior than Grendel does himself; thusly I won't execute him with a blade, and deny him of life in that way....No: this night we two will go without blades.

The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War Powers Act of 1973 - Essay Example President Harry Truman set the trend of going around Congress, and the Constitution, when he sent soldiers to Korea in 1950. Congress endeavored to recover its sole position to proclaim war when it passed the War Powers Act in 1973 as a reaction to the undeclared Vietnam War. The Act permits the Commander-in-Chief to react to crisis circumstances and send troops for a constrained measure of time without a conventional revelation of war. In any case, presidents from Truman to George W. Shrubbery have immediately disregarded this Act just as their intrinsically constrained authority by pursuing extended wars everywhere throughout the world. All have specifically refered to the piece of the Constitution that gives them authority over the military while disregarding the part that specifies they don't have the position to take up arms against their own. As indicated by the United States Constitution Article One, Section Eight, just Congress has the restrictive power to â€Å"to announce war [and] award letters of marque and reprisal† (United States Constitution). Presidents don't have this power. In any case, the War Powers Act of 1973 dodged the Constitution. The Act considers the President to convey troops to a nation for 60-90 days without the assent of Congress (War Powers Resolution, 1973). It is planned to initially permit the president to convey troops in a crisis circumstance however furthermore to carefully uphold Congressional power to pronounce war, to cling to the composers of the Constitution’s aim for the people’s agents in Congress to choose if military activity was in the nation’s wellbeing. Given the vagueness of this permit the workplace of President presently needs to start war, however the President could, speculatively obviously, act without explicit congressional endorsement to take up arms against a sovereign country that didn't represent a military danger. This could hypothetically prompt an apparently

Research Proposal Writing Help Reliable Service for You

Research Proposal Writing Help Reliable Service for You Research Proposal Writing Help Research Proposal Writing Help for Students Students frequently spend sleepless nights as they try to prepare flawless research proposals and if you are one of them, then you should definitely use our research proposal writing help service. Good research proposals are not something that can be prepared there and then if academic writing is not your cup of tea and this is one of the reasons why you should visit Writessay.org if your assignments include writing a research proposal. Another reason is the rich experience and outstanding skills of our personnel, which means that we know how to provide you with an impeccable paper. A professional service like ours will use the most suitable strategy to make your research proposal flawless. If you are new to this type of papers, the first question you have to answer is What is a research proposal? At this point, it might be helpful to check some examples of College, Masters or PHD research proposals on our website to learn the appropriate structure of such papers. After reading some of our sample works, you will understand why our research proposal writers are the best experts in the industry.

Tribute to Robert Stone

Robert Stone, 77, died on January 10 from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and although he outlived the period that best characterized his creative work for decades, somehow he remained the writer of the sixties and the seventies whose best works embodied the madness, violence and nihilism of that time. His works have always been characterized by dark humor and a sort of bleak irony accompanying fast-paced action sequences happening in exotic locations all over the world: from a fictional post-coup Central American banana republic to Vietnam War and Jerusalem on the verge of a new millennium. Not all of his works are equal in quality and lasting appeal – both criticists and readers agree that, for example, his last collection of short stories â€Å"Fun with Problems† turned out to be rather mediocre. Robert Stone, however, managed to make a triumphant comeback with his last novel, â€Å"Death of the Black-Haired Girl†, characterized by all the best features we’ve seen in his early works: psychological tension, intricately crafted plot, peculiar characters and the author’s strong views on the human condition. Specialists agree that Robert Stone’s work have echoes of Graham Greene, Malcolm Lowry and Joseph Conrad about it; but it would be wrong to say that he did nothing but imitations. In his best novels, such as â€Å"Dog Soldiers†, â€Å"A Flag for Sunrise† and â€Å"Damascus Gate† he speaks in his own, very characteristic, voice: combining deep philosophic ideas with fast-paced action, powerful (sometimes even excessive) emotionality with a penchant for purple prose, political convictions with black humor. There is something eclectic about his work, his characters, settings of his works in general. Passionate, sometimes violent hedonism of Stone’s heroes somehow naturally combines with deep-lying traditional, old-fashioned moralism, probably rooted in the author’s upbringing in a Roman-Catholic orphanage. Stone himself attributed many of these characteristics of his fiction to his being exactly the right age in the sixties and the seventies – he and his peers at that time felt like being the part of making history, witnesses of great changes, which led to the feeling of extreme self-importance. What’s interesting, he was far from idealizing both this period and the members of counterculture. According to Stone, they were often self-destructive, vain, heedless and generally very confused. In the end, even his experiments with drugs in the early sixties led Stone to understand that his view on life is going to remain religious no matter what. This finds its reflection in his works. Although there are a lot of extreme personalities in his books, all of them spend their existence in search of something particular, be it big money, love or the meeting with God – and when all is said and done, all of them are after salvation, which is represented differently each time. Mr. Stone never received a Booker award (although he twice was a finalist), but he still remains a powerful and noticeable writer in his own right – an iconic representative of his generation and a master of his adopted writing style.

Montesquieu - The Persian Letters - The Parable of the...

The Persian Letters (Letters XI - XIV) illustrate a classic question in philosophical thought: is man meant to live life by desire or virtue, and what happens if either case is taken to an extreme. Montesquieu illustrates this in letters written by Usbek to Mirza, and a story of a clan of Troglodytes who have created a city (so to speak) first ruled by their own desires as individuals (or their own selfish desires) and then through time, come to live by virtue, and later an attempt at the formation of a government - where the story ends. The story can roughly be divided into three parts - as it spans four letters: 1) Letter XI illustrates the Troglodytes living by their desires, 2) Letters XII and XII focus on the Troglodytes living by†¦show more content†¦In this monarchy, this form of government, he believed they would have no need for virtue. Through the whole of the Letters, and the tale of the Troglodytes, Montesquieu is, in addition to philosophical questions, stumbling upon a question made clear by the theme of this weeks readings: Why Government? Besides making clear, in the first part of the story, that selfish actions by all will only yield destruction, Montesquieu points out the need for organization. As the Troglodytes selfishly divided lands, without organization and thought, a large portion of the population died due to poor conditions on the highlands, and a year later, another portion died, as conditions were reversed. Crime was rampant. Without laws to govern them, they were only under the state of Nature so-to-speak, and only yielded to strength. This led to quarrelling and deaths among them. Without a system of trade, or laws to govern such a system, if someone was unable to completely sustain themselves on their own, they fell prey to unreasonable prices and practices. In addition, they had no international relations and even cut off ties with neighboring countries, and helpful foreigners. Overall the first part of the story is shouting for a

Tough Guise Free Essays

Tough Guise What does it mean to be a man in society? Jackson Katz in the documentary â€Å"Tough Guise† argues that social media puts a lot of pressure on how men should look and act. For example, Arnold Schwarzenegger is possibly one of the most popular role models for young boys and men today. Therefore when our society thinks of the ultimate â€Å"many man† the first thing that comes to mind is strong, aggressive, tall, handsome, courageous, rough, tough, emotionless, insensitive, fearless and practical. We will write a custom essay sample on Tough Guise or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men should not be soft, submissive or weak. If a man would show weakness in any way, there would be much criticism to follow. People fail to realize how their cultural expectations can be harmful to boys, men, women, and society as a whole. Our culture needs to be more excepting of what it â€Å"truly† means to be a man. Gender roles are taught to boys from the very day they are born. Parents treat sons and daughters differently. Little boys are taught to be tough. When little boy’s cry their parents might respond by telling him to grow up, and be a tough. However if a little girl did the same thing she would most likely receive more sympathy from her parents. A good example of this is in athletics. It is acceptable for a female athlete to cry when an injury takes place. But male athletes are usually made fun of for being â€Å"weak† or â€Å"sissies. † These expectations can be harmful to boys and men. According to Dennis Thompson, some studies show men and women share more emotional similarities than differences. When men are forced to hold in their emotions, they are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure, and participate in riskier behaviors such as smoking or drinking. (â€Å"Gender Differences in Emotional Health. †Ã‚  EverydayHealth. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. ) Boys and men should be allowed to grow up with non-stereotypical responses to their true emotional needs. Due to this tough guise persona, women suffer too. In the documentary â€Å"Tough Guise† Jackson Katz talks about the modern multicultural women’s movement. Katz explains how this movement in history has given men new intakes about relationships, work, and parenting. There are now many young men today who are very open minded about relationships between men and women, and sexual equality. But there has also been a â€Å"backlash. † This means some men are not adjusting to these cultural changes. For example Howard Stern plays the role of a â€Å"bad boy† who is only famous for demeaning women. Stern shows women as objects by airing them on television half naked and uses degrading names. Howard Stern makes young male viewers feel good about themselves by degrading women and regressing back to traditional sexist ways. Not only are young men seeing people like Howard Stern as the â€Å"social norm,† they are also being influenced by sexual violence films. Many slasher films show women in sexually explicit ways right before they are being assaulted. Jackson Kratz seems to think this might be why so many men are sexually assaulting women. Violence is rapid among boys and men, which is affecting our whole society. Men and boys are being bullied in their schools. This is resulting in mass murders. In order to show dominance boys and men are relying on guns. In fact, the boys interviewed felt they needed to seek revenge on those who bullied them to assert their manhood. Luke Woodham, who carried out the Pearl, Mississippi, quoted â€Å"people called me gay, stupid, fat, and lazy. Murder is not weak and slow-witted, murder is gutsy and daring. † I am not insane; I did this to show society that people like me are mistreated every day. † ( â€Å"The Day Luke Woodham Killed All Those People. †Ã‚  YouTube. YouTube, 15 Apr. 008. )   Luke Woodham was did not fit into societies cultural norm; therefore felt the need to show his dominance by taking life’s. These are things society needs to think about. Unfortunately Men are putting up a front for society. With this being said men go through a lot in order to fit the stereotypical â€Å"manly man. † Our culture needs to see all of the negative outcomes of putting this kind of pressure on men. Men should be allowed to be true to themselves without being judged. When men are expected to fit a certain stereotype, this sometimes results in violence against women, and society. How to cite Tough Guise, Papers

Need For an IISS Small Medium Enterprises-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the need for an International Information Security Standard for Small Medium Enterprises. Answer: In the recent times, small and medium Enterprises (SMEs) can be of utmost importance for presenting innovative business models, which in turn can lead to the economic growth and upliftment of the country. Thus, if we can lend a helping hand to the SMEs in order to tackle the obstacles that hamper their business growth, then number of innovations can be foreseen in the near future. In the present era, we can see that the SMEs are getting more dependent on the information system to provide services to their customers as well as to meet their business goals. An ample number of SMEs have already marked their presence in the internet. Electronic communication, digital services are an important aspect of the increased number of such SMEs. We can say that, increased utilization of the Information technology involves greater security risks to the SMEs. Thus, an extensive security process is necessary for addressing such security issues of the company which can lead to tremendous loss not onl y to the small and medium sized enterprises but also to the large organizations as well. Thus, there is an utmost need of International Security Standards such that the proper maintenance of potentially important data can be maintained. In order to provide the SMEs with a stringent security approaches a number of privacy as well as information security standards have been brought to light. ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 are some of the standards (Romanosky 2016). The ISO/IEC 27001 assists the SMEs to implement the IS management system (ISMS). We know that the ISO/IEC 27001 is considered to be one most implemented standard since its year of establishment. ISO 27001 have greatly enabled the small scale industries to cope up with the present global market trends. Risk assessment is one of the key factors of ISO 27001 implementation. Thus, we can say that this step is also crucial for beginning the information system security project. The ISO 27001 standardization first aims to assess the probable risk factors and then provides ways for mitigating those risks. The security management system established with the help of ISO 27001 will be improved, monitored and checked on regular basis (Martnez-Prez et al., 2015). The I SO 27002 framework is useful for maintaining the controls but we can say that for assessing risk ISO 27001 can be regarded as the best option. We have seen that the many SMEs still struggle to adopt such frameworks due to lacking of basic guidance. The ISO 27002 specifies certain practices for ensuring basic protection. Such practices include user awareness, antivirus software, access control backup and protection of essential paper-based files. Therefore, we can say that for a SME it is essential that they implement the basic level of security while setting up their business such as the antivirus software can fight the virus attacks; the back-ups would reduce the chances of data loss (Simpson 2016). The ISO provides the SMEs with easy handling of the risk factors. The small and medium sized enterprises encounter numerous threats and vulnerabilities issues. The SMEs are vulnerable to the internal attack which comprises a huge part of the security threats that small industries face in the modern world. The employees of the company who have access to sensitive data, network servers and admin accounts posses the capability of leaking the vital information. Thus, the company suffers internal attacks threats which affect the security of the organization adversely (Janakiraman, Lim and Rishika 2018). In addition to the internal threats SMEs may also fall victim to phishing attacks in which the attackers introduce malicious code thus, introducing malware in the business. This attack is also difficult to be recognized as the mails appear to be sent by someone whom the recipient knows and trusts. Moreover, the SMEs also fall victim to the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In this attack there are unusual cases of websites crawling and also f orces certain crucial services to get offline. We can also state that it hampers the functioning of the business by massive increase in the amount of web traffic. Malware is yet another form of threats by which almost all the small as well as medium sized enterprises are affected (Ab Rahman and Choo 2015). It is a kind of software that gets installed in the machine and incorporates the capability to perform such tasks that would lead to the sole benefit to the third party and lead to harmful consequences for the host organization (Peltier 2016). It basically locks the important files and demands some amount of compensation for unlocking the files. The usage of the Bring Your Own Device technology by the small and medium sized industries incorporate threats to the data secured within the organization as there may be the cases that they might be using such devices that would include malicious applications (Rajeyyagari and Alotaibi 2018). Thus posing risk to the corporate network as the malicious application in the private devices o f the employees posses the potential to bypass the security thus, enabling them to access the network from within the company. Moreover, the poor security maintenance of the websites by the small and medium sized enterprises opens up to data theft by the attackers and the cyber criminal. SQL injection is one of the major threats to the organization among the other existing security threats that adversely affects the websites. It not only has its impact on the small and medium sized enterprises but also on the large sized business as well (Kerzhner, Tan and Fosse 2015). This threat allows the attackers to tamper and steal potential data and information from the database by utilizing the back end of the web applications. The hackers incorporate malicious code into the server database which includes the capability to extract potential and secured information thereby, posing security threats to the organizations. We can also say that the lack of cyber security knowledge also impart threat to the small and medium sized business and also increases the chances of the cyber security risks (Topping 2017). This can lead to data breaches as the employees would reveal the secured data due to the lack of cyber security awareness. The data breach can lead to tremendous loss to the company leading to loss of reputation and business profits. The computer security is of utmost importance for the small, medium as well as large business enterprises. The computer security incorporates the proper security maintenance of data such as to prevent the instances of data breaches (Schatz and Bashroush 2016). The impact of data breaches lead to the decrease in revenue of the organization as well as implementing the regulatory penalties. It may also lead to the loss of the confidence of the customers. It may also lead to reputation damage and also leads to serious impact on innovation and loss of prototypes and product design. According to the cyber security report 59% of the organizations become vulnerable to the cyber security threats (Champbell 2018). Moreover, we can also say that due to the lack of awareness of the cyber security and information security there has been a tremendous increase in the data breaching activities. The small and medium sized organizations that are under security threats are also vulnerable to the reputa tional damage. According to the researchers, about 49% of the organizations are victim to the loss of reputation due to leakage of data ( Skroupa 2018). It leads to the loss of customers and decrease in the business as they lose the confidence of the customers. The impact of loss of security extends to the financial losses as well. The financial losses incurred by the small and medium sized organizations may extend to an average amount of $38000 such that they could recover from a single data breach (Skroupa 2018). Thus, we can see that the data breaches have huge impact on the small and medium sized organizations. Moreover, there are monetary penalties incorporated with the cases of data breaches. These penalties are incorporated on those organizations who fail to prevent data breaches. The penalty imposed on the organizations also leads to the financial losses of the organization. Thus, with the above discussion it can be inferred that there is a huge need for International Information Security Standard for Small Medium Enterprises as the after effects of Information Security breaches are far more adverse and pose a negative impact on the small as well as medium sized organizations. We also mentioned the devastating effects of the data breaches on the organizations. It may cause huge financial loss and loss of reputation. Moreover, the penalty issues also demand great concerns and demand for International Information Security Standard. The data breaches impart various threats and vulnerabilities to the small medium sized organizations such as denial of service attacks, phishing attacks including spear phishing. These attacks lead to data breaches and loss of customers. Moreover, the usage of the risk mitigation techniques provides protection against data breaches but still there is a huge need for the introduction of International Information Security Standard References Ab Rahman, N.H. and Choo, K.K.R., 2015. A survey of information security incident handling in the cloud.Computers Security,49, pp.45-69. Champbell, N. (2018).Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/edelmantechnology/2017/10/11/cyber-security-is-a-business-risk-not-just-an-it-problem/#3108aaf57832 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Janakiraman, R., Lim, J.H. and Rishika, R., 2018. The Effect of Data Breach Announcement on Customer Behavior: Evidence from a Multichannel Retailer.Journal of Marketing. Kerzhner, A.A., Tan, K. and Fosse, E., 2015. Analyzing cyber security threats on cyber-physical systems using Model-Based Systems Engineering. InAIAA SPACE 2015 Conference and Exposition(p. 4575). Martnez-Prez, B., De La Torre-Dez, I. and Lpez-Coronado, M., 2015. Privacy and security in mobile health apps: a review and recommendations.Journal of medical systems,39(1), p.181. Skroupa, C. (2018).Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherskroupa/2017/07/11/cyber-security-effects-company-financial-performance/#18e8b5185c09 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Peltier, T.R., 2016.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Rajeyyagari, S. and Alotaibi, A.S., 2018. A study on cyber-crimes, threats, security and its emerging trends on latest technologies: influence on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Engineering Technology,7(2.3), pp.54-58. Romanosky, S., 2016. Examining the costs and causes of cyber incidents.Journal of Cybersecurity,2(2), pp.121-135. Schatz, D. and Bashroush, R., 2016. The impact of repeated data breach events on organisations market value.Information Computer Security,24(1), pp.73-92. Simpson, M.D., 2016. All Your Data Are Belong to Us: Consumer Data Breach Rights and Remedies in an Electronic Exchange Economy.U. Colo. L. Rev.,87, p.669. Topping, C., 2017. The role of awareness in adoption of government cyber security initiatives: A study of SMEs in the UK.

For two substances to react Essay Example

For two substances to react Essay For two substances to react in the first place their particles must meet and collide. They must collide with enough force, sufficient amount of energy (called activation energy that is the energy needed to start a reaction) and in the right direction so a reaction can successfully occur. The rate of reaction is dependent on the number of successful collisions taking place. Some reactions are instantaneous, while some, like the metaphoric rock take millions of years. The rate of reaction can be calculated as the amount of product formed or used up per second.Title/ Aim:Investigating how varying the concentration of Hydrochloric acid affects the rate of reaction.Prediction/hypothesis:I predict that calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid will react together and that the higher the concentration the faster the rate of reaction. This is because as you increase the concentration you increase the number of particles in turn increasing the chance of particles colliding successfully. So I pr edict if the concentration is doubled then the rate of reaction is doubled.Apparatus:The following is a list of the equipment needed to carry out the practical:Conical FlaskDelivery tubeA narrow measuring cylinder to measure a smaller volumeA large measuring cylinder to measure the collected gasA normal measuring cylinder for a larger volumeTub of waterWeighing scaleStop watchHydrochloric acid solution- 4 molesMarble chips to represent Calcium CarbonateWater bathBunsen burnerThermometerMethod:Diagram illustrating the layout of experiment:Firstly, I will set up the apparatus as the diagram above illustrates. I will then fill the tub with water and then measure 50 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of acid and pour it into the conical flask. Then I will weigh the mass of 3 marble chips to a total of exactly 7 grams and insert the bung to prevent spitting from the reaction. The reaction will cause the water to be displaced by the gas produced. I will then place the flask on the burning Bunsen burner and u sing the thermometer, regularly check that the temperature is always 27à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. If the temperature is lower then I will lower the flame, however if the temperature From the first bubble ( signifying the reaction has started) I shall start timing how long it take for 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of carbon dioxide to be collected and then record it. I will then repeat the experiment except having different percentages of concentration by: subtracting the concentration by 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and replacing it with water and making sure that the total volume will always be 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. I will then finally repeat the whole experiment 3 times in order for the experiment to be fair. Then I will plot a graph of the averaged results.Preliminary work:Before doing the actual practical I did a trial to ensure that the method that I was going to use for the practical was appropriate, accurate and reliable.From the preliminary I observed that if I used really small marble chips or too many it would c ause a fast reaction and be too difficult to record. This is because the smaller the chips, the larger their surface area is (surface to volume ratio) therefore the reaction takes place faster because more particles are successfully colliding. So it makes it difficult to quickly note down. To solve this problem I used only 3 large marble chips that had a total mass of 7 grams.Below are the results of my preliminary work:Hydrochloric Acid cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5040302010Time taken for gas to reach 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½525765110220The results that I have obtained are appropriate and the time taken steadily increases without any anomalies. Thus, the method demonstrated above will be the one I will use in the actual practicalRange of measurements:My preliminary helped affirm the range of measurements that I was going to use. I am going to vary the concentration of hydrochloric acid to 5 different concentrations. I will do this like I mentioned before by taking 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of hydrochloric acid away each time and replacing it with water. Making sure that the total volume is 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ at all times to make it a more fair and accurate method. The variation in the concentrations can also be written as percentages:100%= 50 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hydrochloric acid80% = 40 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hydrochloric acid and 10 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ water60%= 30 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hydrochloric acid and 20 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ water40%= 20 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hydrochloric acid and 30 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ water20%= 10 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hydrochloric acid and 40 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ waterFair testing:To further ensure that the method that I was going to use was fair, I carried out the preceding precautions.Firstly, even before the experiment is started I will rinse all the equipment to remove any previous stains that would effect the reaction. I will then ensure that the same individuals will be doing the same job. For example the same person will be timing or the same person will be measuring the gas collected each time. When taking th e reading of how much gas is collected I will ensure that I read it from the bottom of the meniscus at horizontal level with the eyes, and a white background to eliminate shadow to minimize human error. When weighing the marble chips I will remember to always make sure that the weighing scale reads zero before weighing it (zero-errors.)Moreover, the apparatus at all times will be the same. The reactants and the measuring cylinder that are used to measure the reactants will be kept separate so measurements can be taken accurately. When experimenting I will ensure that the reactants are not stirred beforehand to prevent unwanted collisions which may inadvertently speed up the reaction.The temperature where the experiment is taking place will always be 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C by placing it on a Bunsen burner. This is because if the temperature is increased the particles would have more activation energy and successfully collide causing the solution to react causing the rate of reaction to incr ease.Also the experiment will take place directly under the light of the lab lights, so that the sun light or any dimming of light will not affect the experiment. Light intensity is an important factor to keep constant because the greater the intensity of the light the more frequently it will break up the particles into smaller particles making it more reactive then the original particlesFurthermore, the surface area is another variable that is going to remain constant so that the experiment is fair. Also there will be no catalyst added to the experiment as the catalyst lowers the activation energy making it easier for the particles to react so they have enough energy. The only variable that I am going to change is concentration as this is part of what I am trying to investigateIn addition I will ensure that the experiment will be repeated at least 3 times and then it the results will be averaged to improve the credibility. The repeat results will hopefully iron out any anomalies an d give a good summary of the result of the experiment.Safety:My experiment will be done under supervision and done safely in order to have an efficient and productive experiment. The subsequent are the safety precautions I will take:At all times I will be wearing goggles even if I have glasses on because acid is harmful if it gets into the eyes and possibly go in through the side of my glasses. I will also handle acid carefully because it causes irritation to the skin. Having long hair, I will ensure to tie it back at all times. I shall not taste any of the chemicals and make sure to throw the lime stones in the bin and not in the sink as they will cause it to clog. In addition, I will not run around incase I bump into anything. I shall make sure to wipe any spills rapidly to prevent accidents from occurring. If a breakage of any of the equipment occurs I will immediately inform the teacher. Incase my skin starts becoming irritated I will also report it to the teacher.Secondary sour ces used:2 GCSE Chemistry textbooks 1) Chemistry for you by Colin Johnson2) Chemistry for you by Lawrie RyanThe InternetMrs. OHanlons lessonsThe above mentioned sources were guidance in writing about the particle collision theory.Obtaining evidence:After carrying out the practical on the next page are the results I obtained tabulated: The acid concentration is the independent variable and the gas collected is the dependent variable.I had obtained the averaged results from this formula:Average result = first result + second result + third result3On the furthest right column of the tables are my results averaged.Percentage(%)Acid(cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Water(cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time to collect30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gas(I)Time to collect 30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gas (II)Time to collect 30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gas (III)Time to collect30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gas (IV)Average of the total collection of 30 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of gas20.010.040.063.063.062.063.063.240.020.030.030.029.029.028.029.060.030.020.015.014.015.015.014.780.040.0 10.011.012.011.011.011.210050.00.009.008.009.008.009.50Percentage(%)Acid(cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Water(cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Rate of reaction (1/time taken in seconds)(I)Rate of reaction (1/time taken in seconds)(II)Rate of reaction (1/time taken in seconds)(III)Rate of reaction (1/time taken in seconds)(IV)Average Rate of reaction (1/time taken in seconds)2010400.0150.0160.0150.0150.0154020300.0330.0340.0340.0350.0346030200.0660.0710.0660.0660.0678040100.090.0830.090.090.0891005000.110.120.110.120.11I tabulated rate of reaction x 1000 because the numbers would be too small to plot and a pattern can be seen more easily:Percentage(%)Acid(cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Water(cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Rate of reaction X 1000(I)Rate of reaction X 1000(II)Rate of reaction X 1000(III)Rate of reaction X 1000(IV)AverageRate of reaction X 100020104015.815.816.115.815.840203033.334.434.435.734.460302066.671.466.666.667.880401090.983.390.990.989100500111.1125111.1125125The (I), (II), (III) and (IV) are roman numerals that I used to sym bolize the repeated experiment. For example (I) stands for the first trial of the experiment that I took. For the second table I figured out rate of reaction by dividing the time taken for 30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to be collected by one.Analyzing evidence drawing conclusion:Below I have graphed the tabulated results:Conclusion:Using the graphs with lines of best fit, I can draw a conclusion from my experiment:Firstly, I can see that with the time graphs, that plot temperature against time taken for the reaction to take place, has a negative correlation. Meaning, that as the concentration increases, the time taken for the reaction to take place decreases. For example when the concentration was 10cm3 the reaction time was 63.2 seconds, but at 50cm3 the reaction time was 7 times less (9.50s.). Therefore I can conclude that my predictive statement that the concentration is directly proportional to the rate of reaction as there is a constant increase in both variables is supported by this pract ical.On the other hand, the graph plotting rate against concentration has a positive correlation so the rate of reaction increases. This is because solutions of reacting particle become more concentrated because there are more particles per unit volume. Therefore they will collide more often successfully and with more energy. This supports my hypothesis that as the concentration increases (because the time taken decreases) the rate of reaction in turn increases.Diagram:I predicted that if I doubled the concentration, then the rate of reaction would double. My results and graph have verified my prediction.40% concentration of acid = 34.4 seconds (rate of reaction x 1000)20% concentration of acid = 15.8 seconds (rate of reaction x 1000)When the 20 percentage of the concentration is doubled to 40, the rate of reaction is roughly doubled as well. This is because the solution of the reacting particles has become more concentrated as there are more particles per unit volume. Therefore the y will collide more often and successfully.In addition, the rate of reaction does not stay constant. This is illustrated in the graph Acid Concentration vs. Time taken to collect 30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ carbon dioxide gas.It is the greatest at the start as this is where the gradient is the steepest showing that the rate of reaction is increasing steadily. The horizontal line illustrates that the reaction is finished because the reactants are no longer reacting so no carbon dioxide is given off. This is because the longer the reaction takes place the more of the reaction react leaving fewer molecules with less chance of reacting. If the graph is extrapolated then the horizontal line would continue to be a horizontal line. I also observed that the variation of the time taken is less between 30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ concentrations than the 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ till 30cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ variations.EvaluationOverall the experiment was satisfactory however I cam across some difficulty. Firs tly, experimental error beyond my control was induced as the plastic measuring cylinders used to measure the liquids volume were mass produced so they were not 100% accurate. A glass pipette should have been used as they are hand made and much more precise. The substances we used were made from stock solutions which are made fresh every lesson, therefore the concentration of these substances changed slightly from day to day during the experiment.The equipment was rinsed with tap water which contains many impurities which may have contaminated or changed the concentration of the liquids. Distilled water should have been used instead as it is pure. In addition, using the stop watch affected the results due to human error causing the points not to be aligned on the graph so the line of best bit had to be drawn.Furthermore, from my results I only came across one anomalous result. It didnt fit in with the rest of the results affecting the average. This occurred when I was using 40cmà ¯Ã ‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ acid concentrations (100%) I had got a time of 48 seconds. The reason behind this difference was because I had forgotten to add the water. So I repeated the result and replaced the anomalous result for the new result: 55 seconds. From then on I made sure not to forget to add water by always double checking that I had added water and then checking the volume.If I were to repeat the experiment I would use a syringe because some carbon dioxide gas is soluble. Hence, I was not measuring all the carbon dioxide being produced. In addition I would use a SIV instead of weighing scales to accurately measure the surface area and the size of the marble chips. I would also make sure that the experiment would be performed in a single day so the temperature remains constant and that the solution used is the same being used through the entire experiment. I would also increase the number of tests and increase the amount of calcium carbonate so the reaction can slow down and allow for more a ccurate reading of the results to be taken to decrease the number of anomalous results and human error.This experiment provides only presents one example so it does not verify my hypothesis it only supports it. To confirm it I would have to do numerous test and use a much more wider range of results.To extend my investigation I would experiment using other variables such as, surface area, temperature, pressure for gas, and a presence of a catalyst. These variables would hopefully prove that they all help speed up a chemical reaction.

Using City Directories for Genealogy Research

Using City Directories for Genealogy Research For anyone researching ancestors in a city or larger community, standard genealogical resources often fall short. Newspapers generally mention only the influential, interesting or most newsworthy residents. Land records offer little help when researching renters. Census records dont tell the stories of individuals who moved multiple times between census years. Cities, however, offer an invaluable historical and genealogical resource not available to those of us researching rural ancestors- namely, city directories. City directories offer anyone conducting family history research in a city or large town a nearly annual census of city residents, as well as a window into the community in which they lived. Genealogists all know the value of placing an ancestor in a particular time and place, but city directories can also be used to follow an individuals occupation, place of employment, and place of residence, as well as potentially identify life events such as marriages and deaths. Looking beyond the names of your ancestors, city directories also provide invaluable insight into your ancestors community, often including sections on neighborhood churches, cemeteries, and hospitals, plus organizations, clubs, associations, and societies. Information Often Found in City Directories Name and occupation of head of household (often men and female widows; later single employed females)Name of spouse (often in parentheses following name of husband; mid to late 19th century)Sometimes the names of children, often only those employed outside the homeStreet name and house number of residenceOccupationWork address (if employed outside the home) Tips for Research in City Directories Abbreviations were often used in city directories to save printing space and costs. Locate (and make a copy) of the list of abbreviations, usually located near the front of the directory, to learn that n Fox St. indicates near Fox St., or that r means resides or, alternatively, rents. Properly translating the abbreviations used in a city directory is essential for correctly interpreting the information it contains. Dont miss the late listing of names received too late for inclusion in the alphabetical portion. This can usually be found located just before or after the alphabetical list of residents and may include people who had recently moved to the area (including those moving within the city limits), as well as individuals the canvasser missed on his initial visit. If youre lucky, you may find a separate list of individuals who migrated from the city (with their new location), or who died within the year. What If I Cant Find My Ancestor? Just who was included in a city directory was up to the discretion of that directorys publisher, and often varied from city to city, or over time. Generally, the earlier the directory, the less information it contains. The earliest directories may list only people of higher status, but directory publishers soon made the attempt to include everyone. Even then, however, not everyone was listed. Sometimes certain parts of town weren’t covered. Inclusion in a city directory was also voluntary (unlike a census), so some people may have chosen not to participate, or were missed because they werent home when the agents came calling. Make sure you have checked every available city directory for the time period when your ancestors were living in the area. People overlooked in one directory may be included in the next. Names were also often misspelled or standardized, so be sure to check name variations. If you can locate a street address for your family from a census, vital, or another record, then many directories also offer a street index. Where to Find City Directories Original and microfilmed city directories can be found in a variety of repositories, and an increasing number are being digitized and made available online. Many may be available either in original format or on microfilm in the library or historical society that covers that particular locality. Many state libraries and historical societies have large city directory collections as well. Major research libraries and archives such as the Library of Congress, Family History Library, and American Antiquarian Society also maintain large collections of microfilmed city directories, for locations across the United States. Over 12,000 city directories for cities across the United States, most from the collection of the Library of Congress, have been microfilmed by Primary Source Media as City Directories of the United States. Their online collection guide lists the cities and directory years included in the collection. The Family History Library Catalog also lists a large collection of city directories, most of which can be borrowed on microfilm for viewing at your local Family History Center. Where to Find Old City Directories Online A large number of city directories can be searched and viewed online, some for free and others as part of various subscription genealogy collections. Large Online City Directory Collections Ancestry.com has one of the largest online collections of city directories, with a focus on coverage between the 1880 and 1900 U.S. federal census, as well as 20th century data. Their U.S. City Directories collection (subscription) offers good search results, but for best results browse directly to the city of interest and then page through the available directories rather than relying on search. The City Directories collection online at subscription-based website Fold3, includes directories for thirty large metropolitan centers in twenty U.S. states. As with the collection at Ancestry.com, better results are achieved by browsing the directories manually rather than relying on search. The Historical Directories Searchable Library is a free website from the University of Leicester in England, with a nice collection of digitized reproductions of local and trade directories for England and Wales for the period 1750–1919. Additional Online Sources for City Directories A number of local and university libraries, state archives and other repositories have digitized city directories and made them available online. Use search terms such as city directory and [your locality name] to find them via your favorite search engine. A number of historical city directories can also be found through online sources for digitized books, such as Internet Archive, Haithi Digital Trust, and Google Books.

Capital Punishment in the United Kingdom Research Paper

Capital Punishment in the United Kingdom - Research Paper Example The elimination of the death penalty in all circumstances eventually took place in 1998. Similarly, the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights in 2004 outlawed the restoration of the death penalty, provided that the United Kingdom continued to be a party to the convention. History of Capital Punishment in the United Kingdom Hanging used to be the chief mode of execution in the United Kingdom since the 5th Century; other practices included drawing, quartering, beheading, burning at the stake, shooting, drowning, and hurling from cliffs. In 1196, the first person was hanged at Tyburn as a punishment for sedition. From 1351, the capital offences that attracted the death penalty included treason, witchcraft, murder, rape, piracy, robbery, arson, embezzlement of master properties, and theft (Davies 2007, p. 107). Efforts directed at the abolition of the death penalty had been ongoing since the late 1700s. In 1770, Sir William Meredith challenged parliament to consider pr oportionate punishments rather than capital punishments. Nevertheless, the proposal failed; however, it opened up the debate. Every year, there were over thousand death sentencing, although only a sizeable number of executions took place (Levinson 2002, p.155). In 1810, Sir Samuel Romilly remarked that United Kingdom had the most offences according to law to be punished by the death penalty. At its height, the criminal law, otherwise labeled as the â€Å"Bloody Code,† had categorized 220 crimes punishable by death. Sir Samuel Romilly attempted to convince parliament to de-capitalize minor offences, especially much of the Act of King William (Block & Hostettler 1997, p.109). Execution for crimes such as murder, robbery, and burglary were frequent; however, capital punishment for minor offenders were mainly not carried out. Nevertheless, in some instances, children could be executed for crimes such as stealing. A death sentence could be commuted on the grounds of benefit of cle rgy, official pardons, or execution of military duty (Stearman 2008, p.47). Statistics indicate that, between 1770 and 1830, close to 35,000 death sentences were handed out, out of which about 7,000 executions happened. At the time, prisons comprised of small, crowded, and badly run institutions, a situation that led to incorporation of punishments like transportation of offenders to distant lands such as America and Australia. During the 1830s, the masses had started to express doubts on the punishments (Block and Hostettler 1997, p. 110). Many more prisons were built while the old ones were extended to avail a fresh mode of punishment. The overriding notion centered on making prisons unpleasant places to stay in order to discourage people from committing crimes. Reform In Europe, reforms on the subject of the death penalty, championed by academics, started around 1750. Year 1808 witnessed abolishment of capital punishment for pickpockets and lesser offenders. This set the onset fo r the reform process perpetuated over the next fifty years. Nevertheless, capital punishment remained operational even though the government occasionally commuted the death penalty. The Judgment of Death Act 1823 awarded power to judges to commute the death penalty excluding cases of treason and murder (Levinson 2002, p.156). The Punishment of Death Act 1

Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industry - Essay Example Smarthand is a company that manufactures smart hand products that are mainly for university professors who engage in teaching practices in large lecture rooms. The product manufactured by the company is a multifunctional remote controlling glove that is bundled with a computer software. The software functions in such a way that it allows the person using it to give instructions using touch screen by the use of hand gestures and commands using figures. The smart hand product has a lot of promise to its users. The product promises the users to make controls to the screen of the computer at a far distance with the use of a Wi-Fi environment. Unlike other means of computer operating equipment such as clicker or mouse, the smart hand product offers several instructions that are customized in a more convenient manner. In summary, it can be said that smart hand product takes a total control of the university lecturer class in his or her palm. The company’s mission statement is to enable users to control computer and give customized instructions in the palm of the hand. SmartHand LCC will strive to accomplish the mission by focusing on four main objectives: provide users better experience in manipulating virtual space, improving convenience of use, developing new software features based on customization, and changing the way of teaching in a smart classroom. The product idea is based on designs from students from School of Information Studies and further improved by the management team at SmartHand LLC. The inventors designed the intelligence glove in order to develop a technology to manipulate objects in a virtual space. After consideration of the executive team from SmartHand LLC, the features of the glove is decided to focus more on educational use so that the product can be bundled with other teaching station technology to improve professors teaching experience. SmartHand is a multi-functional intelligence glove that allows using figure commands and hand gestures

The Analysis Of Pz Cussons Website Marketing Essay

The Analysis Of Pz Cussons Website Marketing Essay E-commerce has the capacity to improve existing businesses and also expand operational efficiency. However, in the wake of fierce competition, businesses are forced to be at their best as competitors are just a click away. (Xia Yang et al 2003) The limitless potentials of the internet in todays world have revolutionized the way business is done all over the globe thus making the world a global village. The thrust of this paper critically overviews the web site of PZ Cussons as a communication medium; in line with e-business management theory, the paper discusses issues bordering on advertising and branding. PZ was founded in 1879 by George Paterson and George Zochonis in which they set up a trading post in Sierra Leone. By 1899, they opened their first branch office in Nigeria (http://www.pzcussons.com/pzc/about/ourhistory/). The company has recorded remarkable achievements since then. The company majors on manufacturing leading brands of household items from soaps to milk. With the emergence of the World Wide Web, PZ Cussons is poised to take its business to the next level by taking advantage of technology. Needless to say that with the advent of e-business PZ Cussons should do even better. In todays world, it would be difficult to extricate a companys success from its website as this can either attract customers or repel them depending on customer relationship techniques employed by the web designer. The consistent growth in technological advancement and inventive initiatives has made tremendous impact and also made e-advertising interactive, exciting, and affordable to businesses. This paper analyses the website of PZ Cussons in relation to its competitors and highlights how PZ Cussons can benefit from vast potentials of the internet in advertising and promotion as well as building a better brand. Advertising Research has shown that much of what is expected from a website is largely dependent on the consumer. Lu and Yeung 1998 suggests that human to computer interface design factors are applicable to commercial web applications. However, the nature of the business and the way the business is done has to be taken into consideration when developing a web site. Putting together and responding to consumer feedbacks are an important part of communication activities when attempting to convert a first time buyer to a potential customer, as such fostering an online relationship. (Berthon et al 1996) In a bid to explore empirical studies and dimensions created basically for research on advertising, past works have attempted to forecast consumers behaviour towards internet advertising. It has been observed that culture or beliefs play a more pivotal role in consumers purchase intention rather than other factors like creativity, market size or internet usage. (Yang 2003). With the advent of e-commerce, PZ Cussons have taken up the initiative to advertise its company on the web, however, a lot of issues regarding the website would be discussed in the course of this paper. The process of ensuring that a site visitor becomes a customer and is retained is actually a proactive approach that can be stimulated by interactive features on the site (Geissler 2001). For most businesses, the home page in itself is an advertisement (Singh and Dalal 1999). The appearance of a home page can either engage a customer to go further or make the customer go elsewhere. It is imperative for the company or web designer to make the site as interactive as possible to enable businesses gain higher customer retention. Even as advert placement on web sites has become a normal occurrence in e-business world, it is noteworthy to comprehend internet advertising and understand consumer reactions or behaviours to advert placement on the internet. It is a well known fact that those who are optimistic about advertising are likely to be convinced by advertising (Mehta 2000). If a web site is very effective, it would always encourage first time visitors to the site to make a future purc hase of goods or services offered for sale. Since its origin in early 1990s, the structure of internet advertising has progressed from banner ads, spam emails, interstitials, superstitials, site sponsorships, and involuntary browser relocations (Yang 2003). Adverts online have consistently come under criticism (Bulik 2000b) and have been often considered as unnecessary and imprecise (Hwang and Kranhold, 2000). It has been argued that there is no inter-relation between advertising and corresponding results such as sales or profits (OConnell, 2001). Some Benefits of Online Advertising The power of the internet cannot be overemphasised as its reach is global at a fast pace. Online advertising has identified new means of passing personalized messages to be conveyed to specific customers. Most people these days would rather spend more time online than read a conventional newspaper. As such, businesses are more likely to create a greater awareness from online advertisement. It has the capacity to properly segment customer base as well as measure the impact or effectiveness of an advert. Online advert gives the customer the opportunity of choice based on their knowledge of a companys product or services. Website Effectiveness Although a lot of work has been done in the overall area of e-business (Hoffman Novak, 2000; Kauffman Walden, 2001) however, to further drive down the issues with PZ Cussons web site, we would take a look at Nathan Heinz and Quing Hus web site measurement effectiveness technique to help analyse their internet advertising application. They classified web site measurement effectiveness technique into three categories which are; the interactivity metrics, the information metrics and the service metrics. (Heinz and Hu 2006) Interactivity involves a platform in which customer feedback is encouraged for optimum performance. It also includes the availability of search engines on the web site as well as live chat or blogs in order to get the customers candid opinion on products or services. It also maintains a data base for registered customers. Zhu and Kraemer (2002). Information involves true and precise information on the web site at a particular time. This refers to continuously updating clients with reliable information on goods or services offered for sale. For example the cost of product or services and updating photos of new stock etc. It also encompasses the concept of simplicity of information passed across and gives detailed analysis of product uniqueness and relevance. This, if communicated effectively would go a long way in retaining first time customers. Kim et al (2002); Barnes and Vidgen (2003). Service involves maintaining good customer care operations as well as responding to customer query or issues. It also involves timely processing of online orders and security of online transactions on a web site. It also involves intermediating with social networking sites like face book to maintain an online community for excellent customer service. Barnes and Vidgen (2003); Rust and Lemon (2001). Analysis Based on Theory When we closely observe the PZ Cussons web site based on these three classes of efficiency measurement, we can see that interactivity level is very low. Site navigation and interactivity are significant factors of system quality for web buyer satisfaction (McKinney et al 2002). There is the absence of chat rooms to encourage customer interactions of feedback on brands. Though there is a search engine in place it is however limited to the site instead of expanding search capability to other search engines such as goggle. On the information metrics, it has been observed that PZ Cussons does not update its web site quite often to notify customers of changes made to products or upcoming events. Liu and Arnett (2000) highlight information provision as a major factor in the success of e-business web sites. PZ Cussons produces a wide variety of brands and with competitors such as Proctor and Gamble and Nestle, a lot needs to be done in terms of quality of information and timeliness of delivery. The service metrics on PZ Cussons web site shows very customer biased attributes as the is the absence of an online register, no avenue for customer registration online so no opportunity for feedback on customer queries on brands, there is also no opportunity for placing online orders so the issue of timeliness of orders does not even arise. Quite clearly, PZ Cussons has been able to develop their brand name over the years but are yet to tap into the vast potentials of the web for a greater market share. Branding A brand has been viewed as a promise made by a company to its customers and not a name or statement (Sterne 1999). Given the emergence of the World Wide Web and the revolution in the way business is being done across the globe, it would be expected that the perception of brands would come under a new dimension (Rowley 2004). Also, Ward and Lee (2000) suggest that an effective online presence is pivotal to a brands online success. A brands website has the capacity to create an impression on the consumer (Muller and Chandon 2003). From the graphics and pictures to texts on a web page can either attract or put off potential buyers. Chiang, I-Ping (2008) also suggests that brand awareness can be used together with specific consumer requirements and consumer behaviours to better position online brands. Most small and large businesses across the globe today can boast of an online presence. However, creating an online presence is hardly enough as Porter (2001) suggest that creating an online presence at a point in time was a competitive advantage but today a web site requires more competitive and distinctive features in order to achieve competitive advantage. The elements of a web site can be classified in different contexts depending on the products or services being marketed on the web site. For instance a car manufacturers website cannot be designed in the same pattern as a fast food website. World brands seek to identify with values that are common to many communities such as safety, style and status and service, which can be classified in different ways in diverse national contexts (Rowley 2004). However, for the purpose of the analysis of PZ Cussons website we would analyse the following elements: Logo, Graphics, Colour, Texts, Currency and news (Rowley 2004). Logo A logo presents a graphic language and discipline for the clear, consistent reflection of a companys visual identity (Henrion and Parkin 1967). Although the PZ Cussons brand name has built a reputation for itself in Africa, Asia and Europe over the years, it has done very little to project its logo. Its red, blue and white logo remains in it simplest form. Some of its leading brands like Venus have become more popular than PZ Cussons as a result of its inconspicuous logo. The logo represents a companys corporate visual identity through official corporate symbol (Balmer 1995). It is believed that a company corporate identity transcends mere symbols and signs but relates more to issues like corporate culture. Graphics This refers to visual logos, pictures and other images that may depict a brands values on a website (Rowley 2004). There are not too many graphics on the PZ Cussons web site, the pictures are not holistic and does not reflect the charisma of the company. Also, the Web Content Accessibility Guideline reveals that the PZ Cussons website is using (WCAG WAI) 1.0 (1999) which is an outdated version. Colour The PZ Cussons website makes use of a white background with red and blue colours. This is a very common colour combination as millions of websites use this same colour combination. This does not give any uniqueness to the company web page. Text Text addresses the tone of voice, and determines whether a message is intellectual, understandable and necessary (Rowley 2004). Text typifies the brands individuality; it is the brands vocal cords. The words that are written carry the brands message and the font determines the approach of communication. The PZ Cussons website uses the Calibri body font, and a text size 11. This is considered to be quite small and depicts timidity. The words on the home page are too much and should have been more of pictures and less words. News This refers to allowing visitors to the site access to current news and information relating to products and happenings in the industry. The PZ Cussons web site however, is not being constantly updated. On the PZ Cussons front page, there is a column for latest news, but the news in question are actually stale. A lot needs to be done in that regard. Recommendation PZ Cussons has come a long way since its inception without doubt, with its acquisition of major companies and continued expansion but yet to tap into the vast prospect ability of the World Wide Web. A web advert can be for both infotainment and promotional activities (Diaz et al. 1996); however, PZ Cussons seem to only have tapped from using the web as an informative medium thus relegating the latter. PZ Cussons in a bid to further expand the global reach of its company can take advantage of the web and promote its leading household brand to continents like America and Australia, this must however be done with some of the following recommendations. PZ Cussons must realise that its website is its corporate identity to the world and a representation of its corporate image as such should take advantage of that medium to make it web site more interactive with site visitors. It can incorporate the use of live chats and blogs to gather customer feedback on its brands. It can also adopt the concept of an online register to enable it maintain a database of customers online. PZ Cussons must come to terms with the realities of digitization and begin to open up marketing and sale of its brands online. With the emergence of e-market places, grocery shopping can be done by the click of the mouse. There must also be consistent updates on product offers, special sales and product information and ensure maximum customer satisfaction. With the advent of social networking sites like face book and twitter, PZ Cussons must build an online community for its customers who can share brand experiences with friends and further expand their network. It is often difficult to distinguish between online and offline branding. However, online branding comes with a lot pros and cons as such it will be reminiscent to highlight the plausibility of online branding and its effect on businesses with an online presence. PZ Cussons operates as a promoter for leading other brands which are distributed through an organised distributive channel. The online presence merely transmits brand messages and houses information. PZ Cussons would need to take advantage of their online presence build a dynamic approach to marketing its brands online. Conclusion PZ Cussons has to come to terms with the cutting edge of technology. It must parallel its real world brand dominance with that of its online branding experience and as well deliver its promise to customers. PZ Cussons must use their online presence to create awareness for its brands and encourage customer rapport. There is a huge difference between businesses that do not use online channel in marketing their goods and service and those that use the online channel. PZ Cussons must take advantage of both online and offline channels to expand their reach. Given the publicity the internet generates, PZ Cussons can benefit from cost savings spent on television and print media adverts by channelling funds to a single and cheaper advertising channel.

Essay --

There are numerous diverse courses for people to be well versed and trained with respect to particular data and capabilities they need for do the task which are responsible. These approaches include classroom statements with course readings, Pcs, handheld mechanisms, and other electronic approach. In recent years developer try to developed a new training method which is able to create basic work environment for employee. By rapidly moving social order where there is an incredible arrangement of accessible data and information, embracing and applying data at the correct time and opportune spot is required to fundamental productivity in both school and business settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that breathtakingly moves the area and timing of training. Augmented Reality (AR) is an influential user interface which is consolidating in to the reality and can be in the Pc created data ideal model improving a user's recognition environment. There are many type of VR with different user interfaces and present reality in a characteristic manner, concurrently utilizes the Pc to investigate identified data and to communicate with Pc created virtual objects. 1.1 Problem statement In many training environment using the augmented reality is common and now days many research are done or on-going to develop and improving this area. (Stytz, 2006) The current technology in augmented reality still not in perfect status the reason behind of this idea is lake of connectivity and sensory experience provided by the real world. In other hand the lack of collaborative and situation awareness and the coordination between trainers are another issue in this technology. To Provide better understanding for user of the environment training,... ...s dynamic diversion based learning in science (Klopfer, 2008; Squire & Jan, 2007). AR is additionally thought to help enhancing spatial capacity and mental revolution (Dà ¼nser, Steinbà ¼gl, Kaufmann, & Glà ¼ck, 2006). AR preparing is imperative in situations where the true, physical planet experience is important, e.g. in military operations (Brown, 2006) and in fragile medicinal operations (Yeo et al.,2011) AR system and provisions have been produced and connected to numerous instructive fields, for example AR science, science, math, and history in K-12 trainings and mechanical designing in higher training. moderately not many studies have been defeated the selection and the convenience of AR system and advancements in streamlined preparing. Both military preparing and fabricate in maintenance lives up to expectations are the main pertinent territories of AR to data.

Child labour Essay

Abstract It has been observed over decades that, poverty forces poor families to send their children to work, which results in a serious problem the world is facing nowadays. Child labour can leave many severe consequences on children and their families. When children work, it does not mean as a standard, they support their families economically, neither all of them get paid for their work since many of them work as bonded labour or as slaves. In addition to that, they face many problems which may cause permanent damage to their childhood. Children usually work to contribute and provide financial support to their families. Their health is often ignored by their parents or they may not be aware about their children’s health. This paper illustrates how both India and Nigeria have adopted laws and regulations to eliminate child labour. However despite all the efforts, child labour and the factors that  influence the incidence of child labour continues to be prevalent. The results from this study explain the reasons which forces children to work, poverty. This paper also draws conclusion that governments, societies, and communities should cooperate in a better way with each other to decrease child labour. Possible and innovate solutions and suggestions are arose at the end of this paper. Keywords: child labour, poverty, education, India, Nigeria, governments, International labour organizations 1 Introduction For many years, child labour has been one of the biggest obstacles to social development. It is a challenge and long-term goal in many countries to abolish all forms of child labour. Especially in developing countries, it is considered as a serious issue these days. Child labour refers to children who miss their childhood and are not able to have the basic amenities which a child should have. Recently the International Labour Organization (ILO,2013) estimated there are around 215 million children between the ages five to fourteen who works worldwide. They are often mistreated and work for prolonged hours, in very bad conditions. This can affect their health physically, mentally and emotionally. These children do not have the basic rights like access to school or health care. According to ILO (2013) the largest numbers of child labourers are working in hazardous work and the total number of child workers is increasing, even though it is forbidden by law. These children are vulnerable to diseases and they struggle with long-term physical and psychological pain. The main cause that induces children to work is poverty. These children work for their survival and their families. (Mapaure, 2009).Some studies like Dessy and Pallage (2003) argue not all the work that children do is harmful or brutal.  Some work may provide successful learning opportunities, such as babysitting or newspaper delivery jobs, but not if the work exposes them to psychological stress, like human trafficking, prostitution and pornographic activities. The international organizations have made great efforts to eliminate child labour across the world. Many countries have adopted legislation to prohibit child labour; nonetheless child labour is widespread throughout the world. It is not easy task for low income countries to achieve banning child labour. Several studies and international organizations considered that education is the key strategy in addressing child labour, and it can help children to stay away from work. However not every family can afford to send their children to school or, even if they enrolled, afford to keep them attending the school. 1.2 Research purpose and questions Child labour is a serious problem and a challenge for many developing countries. Many countries have enacted various laws and have taken serious initiatives to eradicate child labour, but still the problem is very widespread throughout the world. This paper critically examined child labour in India and Nigeria and how both governments undertake various programs to eradicate child labour through different organizations and agencies. In addition to understanding and investigating different reasons behind the plague of child labour that has engulfed throughout the world and a brief review on how child labour has so far been studied .Further, this paper states how to contribute to in raising the government’s awareness about the importance of issues related to child labour, education and their living condition. This research work addresses a question: What are the current patterns in child labour in India and Nigeria now? What kind of policies are adopted to address child labour in India and Nigeria? How does policies adopted relate to previously identified causes? 1.3 Methodology This study it has been based on a comparative case study between two countries. The comparative method is going to give the researchers practical tools for analysis and research. This approach allows the researcher to understand when two or more cases are set against one another(Bryman 2008, p.58). In order to answer research question secondary data is collected through literature material researched from academic books, articles, and news and research reports on child labour, poverty education and public health of child labour. The literature review is mostly based on research papers of different scholars and reports provided by UNICEF, ILO and World Bank in terms of international labour standards and human rights conventions. Secondary data were also extracted from international organisations like the ILO, the UN and the World Bank. This paper attempts to provide with realistic overview of the child labour situation. Peer reviewed online resources and academic articles written by d ifferent scholars, were used in this paper to determine the existing child labour policies. 1.4 Delimitation Since child labour is an extremely complex phenomenon, this study is limited to examining the nature and extent of child labour aged between five and fourteen years old. The largest number of working children between the ages of five and fourteen involved in economic activities worldwide. The study focuses on the fight against child labour, and the importance of legislation for working children. This study looks at the two countries India and Nigeria and to describe   what policies have already been implemented to tackle child labour. India and Nigeria have been chosen for the study because today, Asia has more child labour in the world, for example India has the largest number of world’s working children with almost every third child being a child labour  and every fourth child between the age group of five to fifteen is engaged in some economic activities. While, Nigeria has the highest the incidence of child labourers in Africa. Both countries have been experiencing th e burden of the phenomenon and difficulties to eradicate it(Bhat& Rather, 2009; Owolabi, 2012). 1.5 Outline This study is divided into four chapters. Chapter One provides the background of the problem, the purpose of the research question, methodology, delimitations and outline. Chapter Two explores the situation of child labour in India and Nigeria and then explains the problems of enforcing child labour regulations. Chapter Three gives an overview and definition of child labour- , rural and urban, the differences between boys and girls engaged in economic activity, the link between child labour and poverty, various factors involved in child labour. After a description of the International Legal frameworks of ILO and UNICEF and also describes some of the major international and regional organizations, governments and the work they have done to fight against child labour. Chapter Four presents the theoretical framework which gives outline of the causes behind child labour,the child labour problems in relation to primary schooling and the reasons which makes children drop out of school or not go to school. Chapter Five, the results of the study is reported. In Chapter six presents the conclusion. 2 Background The incidence of child labour is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia and the Pacific. The prevalence of child labour is very high in sub-Saharan Africa especially in Nigeria. About 48 million child laborers across sub-Saharan Africa, including 15 million in Nigeria engaged in child labour (Ajakaye,2013) In Asia and the Pacific is the region with the largest number of child labour, India has the largest number of children in the world (ILO,2012)Child labour is an old phenomenon in both India and Nigeria According to Vaknin(2009), it is traditional in both countries to  send a child to work children participated in agricultural and household work. Parents consider that the work help children learn new skills, however these children are exposed to hazards and to physical factors. Both countries were colonized by British. Nigeria became a British colony in 1800 but acquired its independence in 1960. Since independence the country experienced a very violent history. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with more than 170 million people. The country has the largest oil and gas reserves in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its oil wealth, however, Nigeria remains highly underdeveloped. Poor governance and corruption have limited infrastructure development and social service delivery and slowing economic growth keeping much of the population suffers from extreme poverty (Ploch,2013) In 1612 India became British colony and independent in 1947. India is world’s second most populous country with 1.2 billion people. Indian economy is among the fastest in the world, however the level of poverty in India is still high with high rate illiteracy rates, disease, and malnutrition and largest awareness of poor people in the world(Krishna , 2012) In this chapter I look into the child labour situation in India and Nigeria and how government supporting to eliminate child labour. 2.1 Child labour in India The use of child labour is very prevalence in India and the cause is deep rooted with poverty. UNICEF India has estimated 28 million children aged five to fourteen involved in work (UNICEF,2011) Child labour is not a new phenomenon in India where children has always worked. During the industrial revolution child labour increased, due to the shift of labour movements to colonial countries. Children can be found in every sector of the informal economy (Molanka,2008).The incidence of working children in India are engaged in hazardous occupations such as factories manufacturing diamonds, fireworks, silk and carpets, glass and bricks(Waghamode& Kalyan,2013). There are several factors that force children to work such as inadequate economic growth, poverty, unemployment over population and lack of education and health care (Ahmad,2012). On school attendance in India a large number of children between ten to fourteen years of age are not enrolled in school because of household economic condition. Attendance in school or dropout differs for male and female while boys are more likely to provide financial income for the family, girls are more involved in household chores (Kakoli & Sayeed ,2013).High illiteracy and dropout rates are high in India due to inadequacy of the educational system. Even through many poor families don’t see education as a benefit to society, they consider that work develops skills that can be used to earn income (Ahmed, 2012) 2.2 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in India The India government has established various proactive policies towards elimination of child labour. India has not yet ratified ILO Conventions 138 and 182 on banning child labour and eliminating the worst forms of exploitation. However the government of India implemented a child labour law in 1986(The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act) the legislation sets a minimum age for employment of children at fourteen years and forbid child labour in dangerous sectors. The Government prohibits forced and bonded child labour but is not able to enforce this prohibition. The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act does not forbid child labour but consider about regulating it.But indeed the law does not eliminate all forms of child labour specially when the vast majority of children under the age of fourteen are working in family farms or doing households (Venkatarangaiya Foundation;2005). India has a number of child labour projects which have been implemented to help children from hazardous occupations and provide them an education. Including the National Child Labour Policy (NCLP) started in 1987. The aim of NCLP is to help children in hazardous activities and provide non-formal education, vocational training, supplementary nutrition etc. The ILO IPEC (International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour) is also another progarmme which eliminate child labour, the programme sponsors 175 projects in India(Padmanabhan,2010 ) Furthermore, several NGOs like Care India, Child Rights and You, Global March against Child Labour, etc. have taken up the task to get the children back to school and also volunteers along with villagers. The MV Foundation is  non-governmental organisation (NGO) whose mission is to tackle child labour through promoting elementary education, even approaching parents to send their children to school. In spite of various laws regarding child labour and much efforts done by the non-governmental organizations, nonetheless children continue to work on a massive scale in most parts of the country. This is a problem because most child labour laws in India do not cover all types of work such as agriculture, wholesale trade, restaurants and domestic works. Usually these children are the most vulnerable child labourers (Venkatarangaiya Foundation;2005). Despite these efforts, child labour legislation to protect children has been unsuccessful, this is because of the majority of Indian population lives in rural areas with lack of infrastructure and is difficult to enforcement of laws and policies in rural areas. Many of the policies and legislative tools in India are rooted deeply in defection, allowing for illegal behaviours to take advantage of flaws. Many people believe that the cause of these behaviours is something technical, it will be shown that there is a relative heavy percentage of human omitting factor involved, often arising from the mentioned attitudes towards children’s work(Murphy, 2005). 2.3 Child labor in Nigeria Child labour is prevalent in urban centers in Nigeria. This is because a large number of people move from the rural areas to urban area. Over the years there has been a rapid growth in Nigeria’s population because of massive rural-urban migration. For instance Uyo is the capital of Akwa Ibom State, the city has experienced rapid urbanization and many poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas. This pushes families to force their children to work in order to supplement family incomes (Okafor,2010; Nseabasi & Abiodun 2010). The number of child labour is increasing in Nigeria, in 1995, the number of child labour was twelve million while by 2006 the number of child labour under the age fourteen has risen to fifteen million (Adegun,2013). The International Labor Organization estimates that about 25 percent of Nigeria’s 80 million children under the age of fourteen are involved in child labour. Children works in different  sectors such as farms, domestic help, in fishing, mining, armed conflict, street hawking, and child trafficking. The number of child labour involved in street hawking is a very common form of child labour in Nigerian cities, these children working from morning to evening and as a result of this, they do not have the time to enroll in schools or most of them drop out of school. Awosusi& Adebo (2012) assumes that many child labourers in Nigeria are abused physically, mentally, sexually and psychologically. They work long hours under dangerous and hazardous conditions with little or no pay benefits. Education in Nigeria is compulsory for a child that till nine years old. Nigerian government makes primary education free and compulsory for all children However, many children do not attend school, about six million children in Nigeria, both boys and girl, are estimated to be working .The dropout rates for primary school are high for both boys and girls because of several factors such as poverty and early marriage teenage pregnancy poor school, or cultural and religious issues (Awosusi& Adebo,2012; Elijah & Okoruwa,2006) 2.4 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in Nigeria Several policies and legislations have been adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria for improving the welfare of children by eradicating child labour. However, ILO (2000) states some of the legislation and policies have deteriorated, and are not being imposed. Although, there is no direct labour policy in the country, there are several policies and social programmes which aims at improving education, health, population, social development, and child welfare if enforced would help to reduce child labour (ILO,2000) The Federal Labor Act Government have set the minimum age for the employment of children at twelve years and is in force in all the 36 states of Nigeria. The Nigeria’s Labor Act permits children at any age to perform light work in domestic service or work with family member in agriculture. However, the Child Rights Act prohibits the worst forms of child labour, including the forced labour of children and use of children in prostitution or in armed conflict. The Labor Act sets different ages for various hazardous occupations. For instance, a child aged fifteen or older can work in  industries. The law forbids children under age of sixteen to work underground or to work with machines but clearly allow children aged between sixteen to eighteen to do these hazardous occupations. However, the same law prohibits employment of child under the age of 11  eighteen to work in harmful environment. The law does not remove children from domestic service, this can increased incentives for parents to send their children to work (United States Department of Labor, 2011). In 2002 Nigeria ratified Convention No. 138, the Minimum Age Convention and Convention No. 182, the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Nigeria also adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, which appeared to have laid rest to the argument that children have no clearly definable rights in Nigeria. Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) were adopted in 1991 and 1985 respectively. However both the CRC and CEDAW have now been â€Å"domesticated† in Nigeria. The African Charter has also been domesticated by Nigeria. However, the National Assembly should seriously look into these and other international laws, especially human rights issues that adversely affect the rights and fundamental freedoms of the citizenry. Thus, the problem now is how effectively to enforce and monitor the implementation of these provisions as they affect children’s and women’s rights in Nigeria. This also presupposes that all social rights should be made justifiable in Nigeria so as to empower the less privileged in the society (Onyemachi, 2010). The Nigerian government has provided an enabling environment and support for these civil society organizations (CSOs) to thrive and has drawn from their work formulate policies, programmes and interventions for child victims of abuse and violence (Ekpenyong& Sibirii, 2011). On 2000, the Nigerian Government established a national program to eliminate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria (Elijah& Okoruwa, 2006). Despite all these children are still abused. Ekpenyong and Sibirii (2011) states the reason child labour is prevalent is due to the economic situation where many families  live below poverty and can barely earn enough to feed themselves and their children. Furthermore mainly child laborers are engaged at the household level or street hawking Togunde and Arielle (2008) argues that regulations regarding street hawking have been difficult to control by the government.

Nelson Mandel A Visionary And Ethical Leader - 2012 Words

Imagine you have just received a life sentence, sequestered to a seven-by-seven square foot jail cell. You spend the next 7,538 days crushing stones in a courtyard, 15 hours per day. Then on day 7,539, you receive an offer of conditional freedom. To be free, all you need to do is give up your values. Just run off into the sunset, wherever your heart desires, but keep your mouth shut. Would you take the offer? Well, Nelson Mandela, prisoner #466-64, did not. Nelson Mandela was both a visionary and ethical leader as demonstrated by his actions and decisions when confronting the brutal polices of apartheid in South Africa. To prove my claim, first, I will provide historical facts and poignant truths that show Mandela was a visionary leader by employing idealized influence and inspirational motivation as he led the struggle against apartheid and an oppressive regime. Next, I will prove how Mandela was an ethical leader describing his most prevalent act courage and a moral decision he made during an ethical dilemma that would change South Africa forever. Finally, I will show how the visionary and ethical leadership actions by Mandela are synonymous to experiences I had. To start, Nelson Mandela is one of the great leaders in world history. The way in which he led South Africa’s shift from racial inequality to a constitutional democracy alone would have secured his place in history. However, it was the example he set with his vis ionary leadership that will be his